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  2. Enciclopedia Mundial
  3. Extinción funcional - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Extinción funcional - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

La extinción funcional es la extinción de una especie u otro taxón tal que:

  1. Desaparece del registro fósil o cesan los informes históricos de su existencia;[1]​
  2. La población reducida ya no juega un papel significativo en la función del ecosistema;[2]​[3]​[4]​ o
  3. La población ya no es viable. No hay individuos capaces de reproducirse, o la pequeña población de individuos reproductores no podrá sostenerse debido a la depresión endogámica y deriva genética, lo que conduce a una pérdida de aptitud.[5]​

En las poblaciones de plantas, los mecanismos de autoincompatibilidad pueden hacer que las muestras de plantas relacionadas sean incompatibles, lo que puede conducir a la extinción funcional si una población entera se vuelve autoincompatible. Esto no ocurre en poblaciones más grandes.

En las poblaciones poligínicas, donde solo unos pocos machos dejan descendencia, hay una población reproductora mucho más pequeña que si se consideraran todos los machos viables. Además, los machos exitosos actúan como un cuello de botella genético, lo que conduce a una deriva genética más rápida o problemas de endogamia en poblaciones pequeñas.[6]​[7]​

Especies funcionalmente extintas en los tiempos modernos

El 10 de mayo de 2019, la Australian Koala Foundation emitió un comunicado de prensa que comenzaba con la frase «La Australian Koala Foundation (AKF) cree que los koalas pueden estar funcionalmente extintos en todo el paisaje de Australia».[28]​ El comunicado de prensa fue informado por varias agencias de noticias de todo el mundo, y la mayoría repitió la declaración del AKF.[29]​ A pesar de esto, los koalas no se consideran actualmente funcionalmente extintos;[30]​ si bien su población ha disminuido, la Lista Roja de la UICN los enumera solo como vulnerables.[31]​ El comunicado de prensa del AKF se publicó en vísperas de las elecciones de 2019 en Australia, donde temas como el cambio climático fueron importantes.[32]​

Las distintas poblaciones de animales también pueden extinguirse funcionalmente. En 2011, una encuesta trienal de la población de vida silvestre en el ecosistema de Bénoué del norte de Camerún (los parques nacionales de Bénoué, Boubandjida y Faro, y 28 zonas de caza que rodean los parques) concluyó que la población de guepardos del norte de Camerún Acinonyx jubatus) y los perros salvajes africanos ( Lycaon pictus) estaban ahora funcionalmente extintos.[33]​[34]​ Los guepardos que no pertenecen al norte de Camerún están incluidos en la lista de "Vulnerables" de la Lista Roja de la UICN.[35]​

Véase también

Referencias

  1. ↑ Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences 1999. Edited by R.D.E. MacPhee, Hans-Dieter Sues. page 202.
  2. ↑ «What is the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services?». Scientific Facts on Biodiversity. Archivado desde el original el 30 de septiembre de 2006. Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2006. 
  3. ↑ Säterberg, Torbjörn; Sellman, Stefan; Ebenman, Bo (25 de julio de 2013). «High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks». Nature 499 (7459): 468-470. Bibcode:2013Natur.499..468S. PMID 23831648. doi:10.1038/nature12277. 
  4. ↑ Yoshida, Kate Shaw (12 de julio de 2013). «Not yet gone, but effectively extinct». arstechnica. Consultado el 19 de mayo de 2019. «But there is another type, called “functional extinction,” which takes a more ecological approach. Some scientists argue that the threshold for extinction should not be the complete disappearance of a species, but instead the point at which there aren’t enough individuals left in that species to perform whatever roles it was playing in the ecosystem.» 
  5. ↑ Novak, Ben Jacob (13 de noviembre de 2018). «De-Extinction». Genes 9 (11). 548. PMC 6265789. PMID 30428542. doi:10.3390/genes9110548. 
  6. ↑ Pérez-González, Javier; Costa, Vânia; Santos, Pedro; Slate, Jon; Carranza, Juan; Fernández-Llario, Pedro; Zsolnai, Attila; Monteiro, Nuno M. et al. (26 de diciembre de 2014). «Males and Females Contribute Unequally to Offspring Genetic Diversity in the Polygynandrous Mating System of Wild Boar». PLOS ONE 9 (12). e115394. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5394P. PMC 4277350. PMID 25541986. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115394. 
  7. ↑ Pérez-González, J; Mateos, C; Carranza, J (1 de abril de 2009). «Polygyny can increase rather than decrease genetic diversity contributed by males relative to females: evidence from red deer». Molecular Ecology 18 (8): 1591-1600. PMID 19302345. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04150.x. 
  8. ↑ Caryl-Sue, National Geographic Society, ed. (17 de diciembre de 2013). «Dec 12, 2006 CE: Chinese River Dolphin Declared Extinct». NationalGeographic.org. Mary Crooks, National Geographic Society. Archivado desde el original el 2 de julio de 2020. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «On December 12, 2006, biologists declared the baiji (Chinese river dolphin) "functionally extinct." [...] [T]here have been no confirmed baiji sightings in recent years.» 
  9. ↑ «Yangtze Finless Porpoise». World Wildlife Fund. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «The Yangtze River, the longest river in Asia, used to be one of the only two rivers in the world that was home to two different species of dolphin—the Yangtze finless porpoise and the Baiji dolphin. However, in 2006 the Baiji dolphin was declared functionally extinct. This was the first time in history that an entire species of dolphin had been wiped off the planet because of human activity.» 
  10. ↑ Phillips, Tom (10 de octubre de 2016). «China's 'extinct' dolphin may have returned to Yangtze river, say conservationists». Beijing, China: The Guardian. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «Chinese conservationists believe they may have caught a rare glimpse of a freshwater dolphin that was declared functionally extinct a decade ago having graced the Yangtze river for 20 million years. Scientists and environmentalists had appeared to abandon hope [...] after they failed to find a single animal during a fruitless six-week hunt along the 6,300-km (3,915-mile) waterway in 2006. [...] [T]he unconfirmed sighting occurred during a seven-day search mission down the Yangtze that began in the city of Anqing on 30 September [2016].» 
  11. ↑ Xiang, Luan (8 de mayo de 2018). ZD, ed. «Feature: Hope prevails for the baiji dolphin's comeback». Beijing, China: XiahuaNet. Archivado desde el original el 17 de marzo de 2021. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «Earlier this week, the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation (CBCGDF) released a photograph of a baiji lookalike, captured last month in a section of the Yangtze near Wuhu in the eastern province of Anhu. [...] The institute said it would be imprudent to identify the animal in a photograph without further evidence. Nonetheless, it is too soon to label the species "extinct."». 
  12. ↑ «White Rhino». World Wildlife Fund. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «As of March 2018, there are only two rhinos of the northern white rhino left, both of which are female.» 
  13. ↑ Northern white rhinoceros on the brink of extinction. McGraw Hill. April 2018. p. Access Science. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.BR0328011. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «The Northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)—one of two white rhino subspecies—is functionally extinct.» 
  14. ↑ Lammertink, Martjan (1995). «No more hope for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis» (PDF). Cotinga 3: 45-47. Archivado desde el original el 19 de enero de 2019. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. 
  15. ↑ Butchart, S. H. M.; Stattersfield, A. J.; Brooks, T. M. (2006). «Going or gone: defining 'Possibly Extinct' species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions» (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club (en inglés). 126A: 7-24. Archivado desde el original el 27 de septiembre de 2012. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. 
  16. ↑ «Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis» (PDF). Multi-Species Recovery Plan for South Florida. Birds (Ivory-billed woodpecker): 4-465 to 4-472. 3 de mayo de 2019. Archivado desde el original el 15 de julio de 2020. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. 
  17. ↑ Schulz, Martin (2004). National Recovery Plan for the Christmas Island Shrew (Crocidura attenuata trichura). Australian Government, The Department of the Environment and Energy. ISBN 0-642-55011-5. «The Christmas Island Shrew was thought to be extinct until the accidental separate finding of two individuals in 1985... Information indicating the unconfirmed capture of two other shrews in 1958 when South Point (approx.: 10°33'S, 105°39'E) was being cleared for mining was provided by D. Powell (pers. comm. 1997 cited in Meek 1998).» 
  18. ↑ Platt, John R. (23 de diciembre de 2014). «Holiday Species Snapshot: Christmas Island Shrew». Scientific American. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «There's an official species recovery plan in place, though, just in case the shrews ever show up again. Sadly, that seems like it would require a Christmas miracle.» 
  19. ↑ Platt, John R. (26 de enero de 2016). «The Yangtze Giant Softshell Turtle Just Got 25 Percent Closer to Extinction». Scientific American. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «The massive turtle known as Cu Rua... passed away last week. [...] Cu Rua was one of the last four Yangtze giant softshell turtles (Rafetus swinhoei) left in the world. Now only three remain: a turtle of unknown gender in another lake outside of Hanoi and a male-female pair in China.» 
  20. ↑ Gibbens, Sarah (23 de mayo de 2017). «There Are Only 3 of These Turtles Left on Earth». Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «In the waters of the Yunnan Province of China, a team of conservationists is hoping to find a turtle with some very valuable sperm. [...] A male and female are in captivity in the Suzhou Zoo in China, and one wild turtle lives in a Vietnamese lake called Dong Mo. [...] In February of [2016], a fourth turtle... died in captivity in Vietnam, reducing the world population by a quarter.» 
  21. ↑ Wang, Serenitie (15 de abril de 2019). «One of world's most endangered turtles dies, leaving 3 left». Beijing, China. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «The last known female Yangtze giant softshell turtle has died in China, according to Chinese state media, potentially dooming the species to extinction. [...] Now, there are only three left in the world, according to the Suzhou Daily.» 
  22. ↑ Smith, Nicola (15 de abril de 2019). «Turtle species on brink of extinction as last-known female dies in China». Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «One of the world’s rarest turtles, a Yangtze giant softshell, has died in a Chinese zoo, leaving only three of the critically endangered species left. The turtle was the last confirmed female in the world when she died during fertility treatment, raising the grim prospect that the species, which is also known as the Red River giant and is native to China and Vietnam, may now be functionally extinct.» 
  23. ↑ «South China Tiger». World Wildlife Fund. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «The South China tiger population was estimated to number 4,000 individuals in the early 1950s. [...] By 1996 the population was estimated to be just 30-80 individuals. Today the South China tiger is considered by scientists to be “functionally extinct,” as it has not been sighted in the wild for more than 25 years.» 
  24. ↑ Chellel, Kit (23 de febrero de 2016). «The South China Tiger Is Functionally Extinct. This Banker Has 19 Of Them». Bloemfontein, South Africa: Bloomberg Businessweek. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «None are believed to remain in the wild; perhaps 100 exist in captivity. Bray has 19 of them on his 74,000 acres.» 
  25. ↑ AFP (6 de abril de 2016). «Tigers declared extinct in Cambodia». The Guardian. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. «The last tiger was seen on camera trap in the eastern Mondulkiri province in 2007, [the World Wildlife Fund] said. “Today, there are no longer any breeding populations of tigers left in Cambodia, and they are therefore considered functionally extinct,” the conservation group said in a statement.» 
  26. ↑ Bittel, Jason (27 de mayo de 2019). «Last male Sumatran rhino in Malaysia dies». Animals. National Geographic. Consultado el 28 de mayo de 2019. 
  27. ↑ «North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) 5-year review: Summary and Evaluation». Gloucester, MA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service. August 2012. Consultado el 9 de diciembre de 2012. «The western North Atlantic population numbered at least 361 individuals in 2005 and at least 396 in 2010 (Waring et al. 2012).» 
  28. ↑ Tabart, Deborah (10 de mayo de 2019). «Australian Koala Foundation calls on the new Prime Minister to protect the Koala» (PDF). Save The Koala. The Australian Koala Foundation. Archivado desde el original el 19 de abril de 2021. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2019. «The Australian Koala Foundation (AKF) believes Koalas may be functionally extinct in the entire landscape of Australia.» 
  29. ↑ Frishberg, Hannah (16 de mayo de 2019). «Koalas are now 'functionally extinct,' experts say». Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2019. 
  30. ↑ Le Page, Michael (19 de mayo de 2019). «No, koalas are not 'functionally extinct', but they are in trouble». Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2019. 
  31. ↑ Woinarski, John (27 de mayo de 2014). «IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phascolarctos cinereus». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Consultado el 19 de abril de 2021. 
  32. ↑ Adams-Hosking, Christine (9 de mayo de 2019). «A report claims koalas are 'functionally extinct' – but what does that mean?». The University of Queensland. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2019. 
  33. ↑ De Iongh, Hans; Croes, Barbara; Rasmussen, Greg; Buij, Ralph; Funston, Paul (Autumn 2011). «The status of cheetah and African wild dog in the Bénoué Ecosystem, North Cameroon» (PDF). CATnews 55: 29-31. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. 
  34. ↑ Biliuti, Smaranda (26 de julio de 2010). «North Cameroon without African Wild Dogs or Cheetahs». Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2019. 
  35. ↑ Durant, Sarah (28 de mayo de 2014). «IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Acinonyx jubatus». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Consultado el 19 de abril de 2021. 

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